Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen , 1812-70

Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen , 1812-70, Russian revolutionary leader and writer. A member of the aristocracy, he was appalled at the brutality of his class, the lack of freedom at all levels of Russian society, and the terrible poverty of the serfs. He joined a socialist political circle and, as a punishment, was sent (1834) to the provinces as a civil servant. In 1840 he returned to Moscow, where he met and influenced Belinsky. In 1847, Herzen left Russia, never to return. He settled first in Paris, where he supported the Revolution of 1848, and later (1852) in England, where set up the first free Russian press abroad.

From the Other Shore, a series of articles written mainly in 1848-49 (1855, tr. 1956), is Herzen's critique of the European revolutions of the period. His My Past and Thoughts (1855; tr., 4 vol., 1968; 1977) is a survey of Russia under serfdom together

1851 - Born on the 16th of March in Amsterdam, Netherlands. - Studied chemical engineering at the Delft Polytechnic. - Established

1851 - Born on the 16th of March in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

- Studied chemical engineering at the Delft Polytechnic.

- Established the Delft School of Microbiology.

- He is most famous as the founder of virology. He discovered viruses, by proving in filtration experiments that the tobacco mosaic disease is caused by something smaller than a bacterium.

1898 - Discovered viruses, by proving in filtration experiments that the tobacco mosaic disease is caused by something smaller than a bacterium.

1905 - He received the Leeuwenhoek Medal.

- Discovered nitrogen fixation, the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium.

1931 - Martinus Willem Beijerinck died on the 1st of January.

Stephen Hawking's parents lived in London where his father was undertaking research into medicine. However, London was a dangerous place during World

Stephen Hawking's parents lived in London where his father was undertaking research into medicine. However, London was a dangerous place during World War II and Stephen's mother was sent to the safer town of Oxford where Stephen was born. The family were soon back together living in Highgate, north London, where Stephen began his schooling.Hawking wanted to specialise in mathematics in his last couple of years at school where his mathematics teacher had inspired him to study the subject. However Hawking's father was strongly against the idea and Hawking was persuaded to make chemistry his main school subject. Part of his father's reasoning was that he wanted Hawking to go to University College, Oxford, the College he himself had attended, and that College had no mathematics fellow.In March 1959 Hawking took the scholarship examinations with the aim of studying natural sciences at Oxford. He was awarded a scholarship, despite feeling that he had performed badly, and at University College he specialised in physics in his natural sciences degree. He only just made a First Class degree in 1962 .

Hussain ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina

His full name was Hussain ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina. He was born around 980 in Afshana, near Bukhara ,which was his mother's hometown, in Greater Khorasan, to a Persianfamily. His father, Abdullah, was a respected from Balkh, an important town of theSamanid Emirate, in what is today Afghanistan. Prominent theologian Henry Corbin believed that Ibn Sina himself was a good ismaili।His mother was named Setarah। His father was at the time of his son's birth the governor in one of the Samanid Nuh ibn Mansur's estates. He had his son very carefully educated at Bukhara. Ibn Sina's independent thought was served by an extraordinary intelligence and memory, which allowed him to overtake his teachers at the age of fourteen. As he said in his autobiography, there was nothing that he had not learned when he reached eighteen.
Ibn Sīnā was put under the charge of a tutor, and his precocity soon made him the marvel of his neighbours; he displayed exceptionalintellectual behaviour and was a child prodigy who had memorized the Qur'an by the age of 10[not specific enough to verifyअन्द great deal ofPersian poetry as वेल He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer, and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid।As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the

Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work।For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions (wudu), then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer (salah) till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, thus made by help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.
He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

Thomas Hunt Morgan was awarded The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 For his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in here

Thomas Hunt Morgan was awarded The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933

For his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity

The work for which the prize was awarded was completed over a 17-year period at Columbia University, commencing in 1910 with his discovery of the white-eyed mutation in the fruit fly, Drosophila.

Wilmut was born in Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire, England. Wilmut's father, Leonard Wilmut, was a mathematics teacher who suffered from diabetes for fift

Wilmut was born in Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire, England. Wilmut's father, Leonard Wilmut, was a mathematics teacher who suffered from diabetes for fifty years eventually causing blindness. He was a student of the former Boys' High School, in Scarborough, where his father taught

The scientist who created Dolly the sheep, a breakthrough that provoked headlines around the world a decade ago, is to abandon the cloning technique he pioneered to create her. He and his team made headlines around the world in 1997 when they unveiled Dolly, born July of the year before.

Prof Wilmut's decision signals the lack of progress in extending his team's pioneering work on Dolly to humans.

Roger D. Kornberg was born in St. Louis, MO in 1947. He got his PhD from Stanford University and now teaches biochemistry as the Mrs.George A. Winzer

Roger D. Kornberg was born in St. Louis, MO in 1947. He got his PhD from Stanford University and now teaches biochemistry as the Mrs.George A. Winzer Professor in Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. In 2006, Kornberg received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, thirty-seven years after his father, Arthur Kornberg, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Both Roger Kornberg’s parents, as well as one of his two brothers, are biochemists, and Roger married an Israeli scientist, Yahlo Lorch, a Stanford professor of structural biology. The couple spend almost half the year in their apartment in Jerusalem, where Roger advises his research team over the Internet. Kornberg has served as a visiting professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem for the past 20 years.

Roger Kornberg received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his groundbreaking work on transcription, a process of DNA replication. The following press release from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences describes Kornberg's work:

Gregor Johann Mendel was born on July 22 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria. He was a gemen speaking Austrian Augustinian priest and scientis, and is often

Gregor Johann Mendel was born on July 22 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria. He was a gemen speaking Austrian Augustinian priest and scientis, and is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. He was the first one to conduct controlled genetics experiments.

Reginald Crundall Punett (1875-1967) Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists t

Reginald Crundall Punett (1875-1967)

Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring.

Thomas Henry Huxley was one of the first adherents to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, and did more than anyone else to advance its

Thomas Henry Huxley was one of the first adherents to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, and did more than anyone else to advance its acceptance among scientists and the public alike. Huxley was a passionate defender of Darwin’s theory so passionate that he has been called “Darwin’s Bulldog”. But Huxley was not only the bulldog for Darwin’s theory, but was a great biologist in his own right, who did original research in zoology and paleontology. Nor did he slavishly and uncritically swallow Darwin’s theory, he criticized several aspects of it, pointing out a number of problems.

He made a major contribution to the studies of primate evolution and expressed his idea that the human species is a part of natural world.

Ernst Walter Mayr was born on July 5 1904 in Kempten, Germany. He was one of the 20th century’s leading evolutionary biologists.

Ernst Walter Mayr was born on July 5 1904 in Kempten, Germany. He was one of the 20^th century’s leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. In his book systematics and the Origin of SpeciesHe wrote that a species is not just a group of morphologically similar individuals but a group that can breed only among themselves, excluding all other. His theory of peripatric speciation based on his work on birds, is still considered a leading mode of speciation, and was the theoretical underpinning for the theory of punctuated equilibrium.

Friedrich Leopold August Weismann (Frankfurt am Main, 17 January 1834 – Freiburg, 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist.[1] Ernst Mayr

Friedrich Leopold August Weismann (Frankfurt am Main, 17 January 1834 – Freiburg, 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist.^[1] Ernst Mayr ranked him the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin.

Weismann advocated the germ plasm theory, according to which (in a multicellular organism) inheritance only takes place by means of the germ cells—the gametes such as egg cells and sperm cells. Other cells of the body—somatic cells—do not function as agents of heredity. The effect is one-way: germ cells produce somatic cells, and more germ cells; the germ cells are not affected by anything the somatic cells learn or any ability the body acquires during its life. Genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm and on to the next generation. This is referred to as the Weismann barrier.^[2] This idea, if true, rules out the inheritance of acquired characteristics as proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.^[3]

The idea of the Weismann barrier is central to the Modern evolutionary synthesis, though it is not expressed today in the same terms. In Weismann's opinion the largely random process of mutation, which must occur in the gametes (or stem cells that make them) is the only source of change for natural selection to work on. Weismann was one of the first biologists to deny soft inheritance entirely.^[4] Weismann's ideas preceded the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work, and though Weismann was cagey about accepting Mendelism, younger workers soon made the connection.

Weismann is much admired today. Ernst Mayr judged him to be the most important evolutionary thinker between Darwin and the evolutionary synthesis around 1930-40, and was "one of the great biologists of all time"

Borba; Sahani was born on 14th of November , 1891 in Bhera a small town in Shahapur District now a part of West Punjab in Pakistan. Birbal published h

Borba; Sahani was born on 14^th of November , 1891 in Bhera a small town in Shahapur District now a part of West Punjab in Pakistan. Birbal published his first two research papers in 1915, on some plants belonging to South France and Malaysia. In September 1939, he formed a committee of palaeobotanist in India. In course of time this committee published reports of Palaeobotanical activities in India. In June 1946, the Palaeobotanical Society was founded in Lucknow. The Palaeobotanical Institute was founded on 10^th of September 1946. The institute was later named “Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany”

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin was born 2nd of March 1894 and deid 21st of April 1980. He was a soviet biologist and biochemist, who has been acclaimed as

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin was born 2^nd of March 1894 and deid 21^st of April 1980. He was a soviet biologist and biochemist, who has been acclaimed as one of the greatest authorities on the origin of life. His Other major works were in fields of biochemical grounds for vegetable raw material processing and enzyme reactions in plant cells.

He showd that many food production technologies are base on the biocatalysis and developed foundations of the industrial biochemistry in the USSR. Oparin sometimes is called “Darwin of the 20^th Century”. Although he began by reviewing the various panspermia theories.

He founded the industrial biochemistry in the USSR. Oparin became Hero of Socialist Labour in 1969, received the Lenin Prize in 1974 and was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1979 for outstanding achievements in biochemistry.