Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen , 1812-70

Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen , 1812-70, Russian revolutionary leader and writer. A member of the aristocracy, he was appalled at the brutality of his class, the lack of freedom at all levels of Russian society, and the terrible poverty of the serfs. He joined a socialist political circle and, as a punishment, was sent (1834) to the provinces as a civil servant. In 1840 he returned to Moscow, where he met and influenced Belinsky. In 1847, Herzen left Russia, never to return. He settled first in Paris, where he supported the Revolution of 1848, and later (1852) in England, where set up the first free Russian press abroad.

From the Other Shore, a series of articles written mainly in 1848-49 (1855, tr. 1956), is Herzen's critique of the European revolutions of the period. His My Past and Thoughts (1855; tr., 4 vol., 1968; 1977) is a survey of Russia under serfdom together

1851 - Born on the 16th of March in Amsterdam, Netherlands. - Studied chemical engineering at the Delft Polytechnic. - Established

1851 - Born on the 16th of March in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

- Studied chemical engineering at the Delft Polytechnic.

- Established the Delft School of Microbiology.

- He is most famous as the founder of virology. He discovered viruses, by proving in filtration experiments that the tobacco mosaic disease is caused by something smaller than a bacterium.

1898 - Discovered viruses, by proving in filtration experiments that the tobacco mosaic disease is caused by something smaller than a bacterium.

1905 - He received the Leeuwenhoek Medal.

- Discovered nitrogen fixation, the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium.

1931 - Martinus Willem Beijerinck died on the 1st of January.

Stephen Hawking's parents lived in London where his father was undertaking research into medicine. However, London was a dangerous place during World

Stephen Hawking's parents lived in London where his father was undertaking research into medicine. However, London was a dangerous place during World War II and Stephen's mother was sent to the safer town of Oxford where Stephen was born. The family were soon back together living in Highgate, north London, where Stephen began his schooling.Hawking wanted to specialise in mathematics in his last couple of years at school where his mathematics teacher had inspired him to study the subject. However Hawking's father was strongly against the idea and Hawking was persuaded to make chemistry his main school subject. Part of his father's reasoning was that he wanted Hawking to go to University College, Oxford, the College he himself had attended, and that College had no mathematics fellow.In March 1959 Hawking took the scholarship examinations with the aim of studying natural sciences at Oxford. He was awarded a scholarship, despite feeling that he had performed badly, and at University College he specialised in physics in his natural sciences degree. He only just made a First Class degree in 1962 .

Hussain ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina

His full name was Hussain ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina. He was born around 980 in Afshana, near Bukhara ,which was his mother's hometown, in Greater Khorasan, to a Persianfamily. His father, Abdullah, was a respected from Balkh, an important town of theSamanid Emirate, in what is today Afghanistan. Prominent theologian Henry Corbin believed that Ibn Sina himself was a good ismaili।His mother was named Setarah। His father was at the time of his son's birth the governor in one of the Samanid Nuh ibn Mansur's estates. He had his son very carefully educated at Bukhara. Ibn Sina's independent thought was served by an extraordinary intelligence and memory, which allowed him to overtake his teachers at the age of fourteen. As he said in his autobiography, there was nothing that he had not learned when he reached eighteen.
Ibn Sīnā was put under the charge of a tutor, and his precocity soon made him the marvel of his neighbours; he displayed exceptionalintellectual behaviour and was a child prodigy who had memorized the Qur'an by the age of 10[not specific enough to verifyअन्द great deal ofPersian poetry as वेल He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer, and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid।As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the

Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work।For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions (wudu), then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer (salah) till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, thus made by help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.
He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

Thomas Hunt Morgan was awarded The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 For his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in here

Thomas Hunt Morgan was awarded The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933

For his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity

The work for which the prize was awarded was completed over a 17-year period at Columbia University, commencing in 1910 with his discovery of the white-eyed mutation in the fruit fly, Drosophila.

Wilmut was born in Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire, England. Wilmut's father, Leonard Wilmut, was a mathematics teacher who suffered from diabetes for fift

Wilmut was born in Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire, England. Wilmut's father, Leonard Wilmut, was a mathematics teacher who suffered from diabetes for fifty years eventually causing blindness. He was a student of the former Boys' High School, in Scarborough, where his father taught

The scientist who created Dolly the sheep, a breakthrough that provoked headlines around the world a decade ago, is to abandon the cloning technique he pioneered to create her. He and his team made headlines around the world in 1997 when they unveiled Dolly, born July of the year before.

Prof Wilmut's decision signals the lack of progress in extending his team's pioneering work on Dolly to humans.

Roger D. Kornberg was born in St. Louis, MO in 1947. He got his PhD from Stanford University and now teaches biochemistry as the Mrs.George A. Winzer

Roger D. Kornberg was born in St. Louis, MO in 1947. He got his PhD from Stanford University and now teaches biochemistry as the Mrs.George A. Winzer Professor in Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. In 2006, Kornberg received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, thirty-seven years after his father, Arthur Kornberg, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Both Roger Kornberg’s parents, as well as one of his two brothers, are biochemists, and Roger married an Israeli scientist, Yahlo Lorch, a Stanford professor of structural biology. The couple spend almost half the year in their apartment in Jerusalem, where Roger advises his research team over the Internet. Kornberg has served as a visiting professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem for the past 20 years.

Roger Kornberg received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his groundbreaking work on transcription, a process of DNA replication. The following press release from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences describes Kornberg's work: