Stephen William Hawking was born 8th of January 1942, is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the Univ

Stephen William Hawking was born 8^th of January 1942, is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He is known for his contributions to the fieldsof cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes and big bang theory and his popular works in which he discusses his own theories including cosmology in general. These include the popular science bestseller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the London Sunday Times bestseller list for a record breaking 237 weeks.

After receiving his B.A degree at Oxford University in 1962, he stayed to study astronomy, deciding to leave when he found that studying sunspots, which was all the observatory was equipped for, didn’t appeal to him and that he was more interested in theory than in observation. He left Oxford for Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he engaged in the study of theoretical astronomy and cosmology.

Almost as soon as he arrived at Cambridge, he started developing symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a type of motor neuron disease which would cost him the loss of almost all neuromuscular control.

During his first two years at Cambridge, he did not distinguish himself, but after the disease had stabilized and with the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama, he returned to working on his Ph.D. Hawking was elected as one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974, was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1982, and became a Companion of Honour in 1989. Prof. Hawking is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

In January 2007 on his 65^th birthday, Hawking announced his intention to travel to space on board a spacecraft, sponsored by the aerospace company’s owner.

Dr. Shri Hari Dhar Patil an eminent gastro intestinal, laparoscopic and obesity surgeon. He is India’s first surgeon in this line. He has been perform

Dr. Shri Hari Dhar Patil an eminent gastro intestinal, laparoscopic and obesity surgeon. He is India’s first surgeon in this line. He has been performing surgeries for the last 20 years. Dr. Dhar Patil is an official member of the International Federation of Surgery for Obesity, which is an extremely challenging field. He has been the past President of the Pune Surgeons Society as well. He pioneered the concept of Modern Bariatric Surgery in India namely Gastroplasty & Gastric banding. He is the first surgeon to perform Gastirc Stapling & Gastric Bnding Surgery for weight reduction in severely obese patients in India.

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was born in Clausthal, Germany on December 11 1843. He became famous for the discovery of anthrax bacillus in 1877,

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was born in Clausthal, Germany on December 11 1843. He became famous for the discovery of anthrax bacillus in 1877, the tuberculosis bacillus in 1882 and the cholera vibrio in 1833 and for his development of Koch’s postulates. He was awarded the Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905. he is considered one of the founders of bacteriology.

Edward Jenner was born on May 17 1749, in the small village of Berkeley in Gloucestershire. Edward Jenner Carried out first experimental vaccination i

Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner was born on May 17 1749, in the small village of Berkeley in Gloucestershire. Edward Jenner Carried out first experimental vaccination in 1796 on eight-year old James Phipps. Jenner inserted pus taken from a cowpox pustule into an incision on the boy’s arm.Six weeks later Jenner injected him with the smallpox virus. James did not catch smallpox. In 1806 Jenner was granted 10,000 ponds for his work on vaccination. He was granted another 20,000 ponds for continuing his work.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was born on November 19 1711, in Lomonosov, near Arkhangel’sk and educated at the university of the imperial Academy of

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was born on November 19 1711, in Lomonosov, near Arkhangel’sk and educated at the university of the imperial Academy of sciences, in Saint Petersburg. He rejected the phlogiston theory of matter commonly accepted at the time and anticipated the kinetic theory of gases. He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light and stated the idea of conservation of matter. Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury, and to observe the atmosphere of Venus during a solar transit.

Thomas Robert Malthus Malthu’s essay on population grew out of some discussions which he had with his father respecting the perfectibility of society.

Thomas Robert Malthus was born into a wealthy family on 14 February 1766 at Rookery near Dorking, Surrey. Malthu’s essay on population grew out of some discussions which he had with his father respecting the perfectibility of society. Malthusian theory of population was incorporated into contemporary systems of economics. It

• Acted as a brake on economic optimism
• Helped to justify a theory of wages that made the minimum cost of subsistence of the wage eamer a standard of judgement
• Discouraged traditional forms of charity.

Dr. Indira Hinduja was the first Indian doctor to produce a test tube baby

Dr. Indira Hinduja was the first Indian doctor to produce a test tube baby. On August 1986, India’s first test tube baby Harsha was born with thanks to the three years of pain sticking research in invitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Now thanks to her, many Indian women yearning for motherhood are getting hope

Salim Ali (1896-1987) known as the “Birdman of India”

Salim Ali (1896-1987) known as the “Birdman of India” Salim Ali was among the first Indians to conduct systematic bird surveys in India and his books have contributed enormously to the development of professional and amateur Omithology in India.

He received Padma Bhushan (1958) and Padma Vibhushan (1976) from Indian Government.

Thomas Robert Malthus

Thomas Robert Malthus was born into a wealthy family on 14 february 1766 at Rookery near Dorking, Surrey. Malthus’s Essay on Population grew out of some discussions which he had with his father respecting the perfectibility of society. Malthusian theory of population was incorporated into contemporary systems of economics. It

• Acted as a brake on economic optimism
• Helped to justify a theory of wages that made the minimum cost of subsistence of the wage earner a standard of judgment
• Discouraged traditional forms of charity

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (July 18, 1853 Arnhem – February 4 1928 Haarlem) was a Dutch physicist. At the early age of 22, he obtained his doctor’s degree and only three years later he was appointed to the chair of Theoretical Physics at Leyden, newly created for him.

In his doctor’s thesis, he treated the reflection and refraction phenomena of light from this standpoint which was then quite new. His fundamental work in the fields of optiocs and electricity has revolutionized contemporary conceptions of the nature of matter.

James Prescott Joule

James Prescott Joule was born on Christmas Eve, 1818 in to a wealthy Manchester brewing family. He initially was educated at home, before being tutored, at the age of sixteen, by the eminent Manchester Scientist John Dalton. Joule soon began to conduct independent research at a laboratory built in the cellar of his father’s home. By the 1840’s, scientists had realized that heat, electricity, magnetism, chemical change and the energy of motion were all inter convertible. Joul was extremely involved with this work, and between 1837 and 1847, he established the principle of conservation of energy, and the equivalence of heat and other forms of energy.

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei born in 1564 was an Italian physicist, astronomer, astrologer and philosopher who is closely associated with scientific revolution. In 1581, Galileo began studying at the University of Pisa, where his father hoped he would study medicine. Galileo started experimenting with lenses on his own. He described the principles of lenses and light rays and improved both the microscope and telescope. He added a focusing device to his microscope and of course went on to explore the heavens with his telescopes.

In 1609, Galileo was the first person to use a telescope to observe the skies. Galileo discovered the rings of Saturn (1610), was the first person to see the four major moons of Jupiter (1610), observed the phases of Venus, studied sunspots and discovered many other important phenomena.

Giulio Bizzozero

Giulio Bizzozero bonrn in 1846 was an Italian doctor and medical researcher. He is known as the original discoverer of Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria which is responsible for peptic ulcer disease although this fact was not generally accepted until the 1990s. He was one of the early pioneers of histography, and more generally, the use of microscope in medical research. He is also credited with the discovery of the function of platelets in the coagulation of blood.

Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe

Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was born in 27^th of September 1818, was a German Chemist. Kolbe developed the idea that organic compound could be derived from inorganic ones, directly or indirectly, by substitution processes. He validated his theory by converting carbon disulfide, in several steps, to acetic acid

He worked on the electrolysis of the salts of fatty and other acids and prepared salicylic acid, a building block of aspirin in a process called Kolbe synthesis or Kolbe-Schmitt reaction.

Hermann Kolbe was the first person to use the word synthesis in the present day meaning. He died 25^th of November 1884.

Thomas Henry Huxley

Thomas Henry Huxley was one of the first adherents of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, and did more than anyone else to advance its acceptance among scientists and the public alike. As is evident from the letter quoted above, Huxley was a passionate defender of Darwin’s theory – so passionate that he has been called “Darwin’s Bulldog”. But Huxley was not only the bulldog for Darwin’s theory, but was a great biologist in his own right, who did original research in zoology and paleontology. Nor did he slavishly and uncritically swallow Darwin’s theory, he criticized several aspects of it, pointing out a number of problems.

He made a major contribution to the studies of primate evolution and expressed his idea that the human species is a part of natural world.

Sir A.G Tansley

• The term ecosystem was coined by Sir A.G Tansley in 1935.
• The ecological pyramids were developed by charles Elton (1927)
• Prof. Eugene P. Odum (1913-2002), widely recognized as the father of ecosystem ecology. He received the prestigious Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy, considered to be the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in Ecology.

M. C. Mehta (Environmentalist)

M. C. Mehta (Environmentalist)

He is an attorney in the Supreme court of India, one of the founders of the Indian council for Enviro-Legal Action (ICELA), and director.

In early 1984, M.C. Mehta, a public interest attorney, visited the Taj Mahal for the first time.

He saw that the famed monument’s marble had turned yellow and was pitted as a result of pollutants from nearby industries.

This spurred Mehta to file his first environmental case in the Supreme Court of India.

Dr. Christiaan Neethling Barnard

Dr. Christiaan Neethling Barnard

“My philosophy is that the biggest risk in life is not to take a risk.”

Dr. Christiaan Neethling barnard (November 8, 1922 - September 2, 2001) was a South African cardiac surgeon. He became famous for performing the world’s first open heart transplant . the world’s first open heart transplant operation was performed on 3 December 1967 in an operation lasting nine hours and using a team of thirty persons. The patient was 55 years old and suffering from diabetes and heart disease. The transplant heart came from a young woman, killed in a road accident. Patient survived the operation and lived for eighteen days.

George Ohm

George Ohm was born on March 16 1789, in the town of Eriangen, Bavaria, Germany. His parents were Johann, a locksmith, and Maria, the daughter of a Tailor. Neither of his parents received any formal education, but johann was self-educated to a high level in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Philosophy and passed on his knowledge to him.

George Ohm was professor at Munich from 1852. His study of electric current led to his formulation of the law now known as Ohm’s law. The unit of electrical resistance (Ohm) was named after him. He also made studies in acoustics and in crystal interference.

Euclid : father of geometry

Euclid, who lived around 300 B.C., was a distinguished Greek mathematician known as the father of geometry. He initiated a new way of thinking in the study of proving geometrical results by deductive reasoning based on previously proved results and some self-evident specific assumptions called axioms or postulates. Euclids monumental work is contained in his thirteen volumes called the Elements.

Notable Scientist, Euclud

Notable Scientist

Euclud was a founder and member of the academy in Alexandria. He may be a student of Plato and most influential and known Greek Mathematician.

In book Euclid studies numbers. He did not consider 1 as a number. It was a unit and the numbers 2, 3, 4 …… were composed of units

He then introduces proportion for numbers and shows essentially that for numbers a, b, c, d that a : b = c : d precisely when the least numbers with ration a : b is equal to the least number with ratio c : d.

Gregor Johann Mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel was born on July 22, 1822 in Heizendorf, Austria. Mendel studied variation in plants in his monastery’s experimental garden. Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants.

Mendel read his paper, “Experiments on Plant Hybridization”, at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brunn in Moravia in 1865. Mendel’s paper was published in 1866 in proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brunn, it had little impact and was cited about three times over the next thirty five years. His paper has received plenty of criticism. It was not until the early 20^th century that the importance of his ideas ws realized. In 1900, his work was rediscovered by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.

Archimedes

Archimedes

Archimedes was the greatest mathematician of his age. whose theorems and philosophies became world known His father was Phidias, an astronomer. Archimedes was born c. 287 BC in the seaport city of Syracuse Sicily, which was then a colony of Magna Graecia.

Archimedes was a great mathematician of ancient times. His greatest contributions were in geometry. He also spent some time in Egypt, where he invented the machine now called Archimedes' screw, which was a mechanical water pump. Among his most famous works is Measurement of the Circle

He used the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of pi.

Archimedes made many contributions to geometry in his work on the areas of plane figures and on the areas of area and volumes of curved surfaces. His methods started the idea for calculus which was "invented" 2,000 years later by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. Archimedes proved that the volume of an inscribed sphere is two-thirds the volume of a circumscribed cylinder. He requested that this formula/diagram be inscribed on his tomb.

Archimedes' tomb had a carving of his favorite mathematical diagram, which was a sphere inside a cylinder of the same height and diameter.

His works (that survived) include:

• Measurement of a Circle
• On the Sphere and Cylinder
• On Spirals
• The Sand Reckoner

His inventions was many war machines used in the defense of Syracuse, compound pulley systems, Planetarium, water screw (possibly), water organ (possibly), burning mirrors.

Archimedes died c. 212 BC during the Second Punic War.in Syracuse when it was being sacked by a Roman army. He was killed by a Roman soldier who did not know who he was.

William Harvey

William Harvey

William Harvey was born on 1 April 1578 in Folkestone, Kent, England. was an English Physician. His schooling at the University of Padua, the foremost medical school of the time.

He received his medical degree in 1602. Between 1615 to 1656 Harvey worked as Luleian lecturer for the Royal College of Physicians. In 1615 Harvey began to work on his theory that blood circulated around the body.

He carefully studied the motion of the heart and blood in live animals. He proved that the heart was a pump which forced the blood around the body through arteries and that the blood was returned to the heart through the veins. In 1628 Harvey formally presented his findings in his publication - Anatomical Essay on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, in which he explained his methods and gave an accurate account of how the circulatory system functioned.

He died in London on June 3 1657

Carl Correns

Carl Correns

Carl Correns was born in September 1864 in Munich. was a German botanist and geneticist. He is notable primarily for his independent discovery of the principles of heredity, and for his rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s earlier paper on that subject. He also discovered cytoplasmic inheritance , an important extension of Mendel’s theories. Which demonstrated the existence of extra-chromosomal factors on phenotype. He died in Feb. 14, 1933, Berlin

Aleksander Ivanovich Oparin

Aleksander Ivanovich Oparin

Aleksander Ivanovich Oparin born on March 2 1894, in the small village of Uglich, near Moscow, Oparin was the Principal Pioneer, along with Haldane, in theorizing the origin of life from inorganic matters. Apart from being a great authority in the origin of life, his other works include, the study of vegetable raw material processing and enzyme reaction in plant cells. He founded the industrial biochemistry in USSR

Oparin became Hero of Socialist Labour in 1969, received the Lenin Prize in 1974 and was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1979 “for outstanding achievements in biochemistry”. He was awarded five Orders of Lenin